It produces a deoxidized pure copper deposit for maximum thermal and electrical conductivity. Applications include plate for chemical plant and molds, stills and calorifiers, rods and wires for electrical components and tubes for heat exchangers. Apart from very thin material (<3mm thick) a preheat will be required. The required preheat will range from about 100°C at 6mm thick up to about 400/500°C for material 15mm thick.